The Importance of Medical Laboratory Scientists and the Number of Doctoral Scientists that Began Their Career by Working on the Front Lines of Laboratory Medicine.

BACKGROUND: Due to dwindling numbers of medical laboratory scientists (MLS), we are faced with staffing issues due to lack of visibility, recognition, low wages, and perceived lack of opportunities for upward career mobility. A brief survey of doctoral-level clinical microbiologists showed a significant number were certified, worked "the bench," and used this experience as a steppingstone to become a laboratory director or consultant. OBJECTIVES: To help dispel the notion working as an MLS is a dead-end job, the authors developed an expanded national survey. METHODS: The survey was sent to 815 board-certified microbiologists and chemists to determine their career path. Results indicated that of 243 respondents, 41.3% were MLS certified, 47.1% had worked "the bench," and 51.9% and 63.5% became laboratory or technical directors, respectively. CONCLUSION: Survey results provide evidence to dispel the notion that MLS and bench working jobs lack upward career mobility and may inspire students for a career in laboratory medicine.

Impact of perception reduction of employment opportunities on employment pressure of college students under COVID-19 epidemic-joint moderating effects of employment policy support and job-searching self-efficacy.

Based on the stress interaction theory, this research constructed a model to study the joint moderating effects of the perception reduction of employment opportunities under the COVID-19 epidemic on the employment pressure of college students. With two moderating variables introduced, employment policy support and job-searching self-efficacy, this research studied the mechanism and boundary conditions of perception reduction of employment opportunities on employment pressure of college students from both individual and environmental aspects. The study found that during the epidemic if college students perceived fewer employment opportunities, they could have greater employment pressure from themselves, schools, and families; and that under the joint moderation of employment policy support and job-searching self-efficacy, the perception reduction of employment opportunities under the COVID-19 epidemic, the employment pressure of college students, universities, and families were connected, with different adjustment mechanisms. Based on empirical data, this research can provide theoretical enlightenment and practical guidance for the government, universities, and families to alleviate the employment pressure on college students during the epidemic.

Demand-side consequences of unemployment and horizontal skill mismatches across national contexts: An employer-based factorial survey experiment.

With growing flexibilization in the labour market, continuous and consistent career trajectories have become less the norm, and workers facing unemployment may need to look for employment opportunities outside the occupation they are trained in. But what are their employment chances? And what are the chances of returning to the occupation they were trained in after having worked in a different occupation? Despite much research on how employers evaluate job candidates with vertical skill mismatches (e.g. over-qualification and under-qualification) and unemployment, there is little research to investigate how employers view horizontal mismatch in comparison to unemployment, and whether a combination of both generates multiplicative negative effects. Using data gathered from an employer survey experiment in Switzerland and Greece, we find that in Switzerland both unemployment and horizontal mismatch significantly reduce employment chances, but the scarring effect of horizontal mismatch is much stronger. In contrast, in Greece horizontal mismatch significantly reduces employment chances but unemployment does not. Furthermore, we found that horizontal mismatch scarring is significantly stronger in Switzerland than in Greece. These findings suggest that the scarring effects of both unemployment and horizontal mismatch vary across contexts. Further analyses show that, rather than experiencing multiplicative scarring effects, unemployment does not add further disadvantages to mismatched candidates in either country, highlighting the importance of occupational specificity of skills in labour market matching. Overall, these findings facilitate a more nuanced understanding of demand-side labour market processes, highlighting the distinct interactive effects of unemployment and horizontal mismatch across national contexts.

A profile of the skills, attributes, development, and employment opportunities for sport scientists in Australia.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to document the technical and transferrable skills required for sport scientists, and perceived employment opportunities both currently and in the future with a particular emphasis on comparisons between academic and applied sport scientists. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey methodology. METHODS: 117 Australian sport science employees completed an online survey capturing demographic information, perceptions about the importance of technical skills, transferable skills, future employment opportunities as well as free-text information on future careers, challenges, and opportunities for the profession. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise information and comparisons made between academic and applied sport science participants. RESULTS: Participants were predominantly male and 35 years or younger, with half reporting they held only one position within the industry. Most technical and transferrable skills were rated as important (>4.0 out of 5.0), with practitioner-focused skills rated somewhat more important by applied sport scientists compared to scientific-focused skills rated somewhat more important by academics, and applied sport scientists generally rating transferable skills as more important compared to academics (d > 0.5). Value and supply/demand were identified as challenges to the industry with discipline-specific roles and non-elite populations considered areas for future jobs. CONCLUSIONS: Participants felt there would be more jobs in the future and that these would be in discipline-specific roles and/or non-elite populations. Both technical and interpersonal skills were considered important for sport scientists. The greatest challenges are how sport science is valued and the potential oversupply of sport science graduates.

Impact of human capital and social capital on employability of Chinese college students under COVID-19 epidemic-Joint moderating effects of perception reduction of employment opportunities and future career clarity.

This research constructed a relationship model between human capital, social capital, and the employability of college students. With two moderating variables introduced, the perception reduction of employment opportunities under the COVID-19 epidemic and future career clarity, this research studied the direct impact of human capital and social capital on the employability of college students and boundary conditions. Research data from 810 employed Chinese college graduates shows that both human capital and social capital have a positive and significant impact on the employability; the perception reduction of employment opportunities under the COVID-19 epidemic negatively regulates the relationship between human capital and the employability of college students; the future career clarity positively regulates the relationship between human capital and the employability of college students; the perception reduction of employment opportunities under COVID-19 epidemic and the future career clarity jointly regulate the relationship between human capital, social capital and the employability of college students. These conclusions enrich the relevant theoretical and practical research on the employability of college students under the COVID-19 epidemic.

Stakeholder views on young adults with intellectual disabilities as a workforce: A qualitative study on students' performance in upper secondary education and their employment potential.

People with intellectual disabilities are the most disadvantaged group among all disability types when it comes to employment. In Sweden, special needs upper secondary schools prepare students with intellectual disabilities for the labour market using practice periods at workplaces. This study targets stakeholder involved in their school-to-work transition (i.e. teachers, employers, employment agency officials). The aim is to identify how they view: (1) the working capabilities of students during practice periods and (2) their employment potential. We base the analysis on interview data with the stakeholders using Grounded Theory. Our results identify three student types whose preparedness for the labour market differs considerably. One student type performs well during the practice period and represents a high potential to enter the workforce. The other two student types have the lower working capability and employment potential. Our study highlights stakeholders as resources to improve the labour market preparations of students with intellectual disabilities.

Inserción laboral de personas en situación de discapacidad en América Latina / Employability of people with disabilities in Latin America

Resumen Este artículo presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la inserción laboral de las personas en situación de discapacidad en América Latina. Se analizan leyes, informes técnicos y artículos científicos. Los resultados muestran un marco para la inserción laboral de las personas en situación de discapacidad constituido por la existencia de distintos instrumentos legales. Sin embargo, el desempleo, la pobreza, desigualdad y falta de oportunidades afectan a este colectivo. Las discusiones giran en torno a la necesidad de consolidar políticas públicas con el propósito de mejorar las condiciones de vida de estos seres humanos.

Abstract This article is a literature review about labor insertion of people with disabilities in Latin America. It analyzed different documents (regulations, technical reports and papers). The results show the existence of a legal frame in the region for inclusion of people with disabilities. However, unemployment, poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunities affect this group. The discussions concentrate on the need to consolidate public policies and priority actions to transform the lives of these people.

"Why Can't I Become a Manager?"-A Systematic Review of Gender Stereotypes and Organizational Discrimination.

Women continue to lag behind for accessing managerial positions, partially due to discrimination at work. One of the main roots of such discrimination is gender stereotyping, so we aim to comprehend those biased procedures. First, we have analyzed those highlighted gender lawsuit cases in the scientific literature that have dealt with stereotypes both in the American and the European work contexts. Second, meta-analytic studies regarding organizational consequences of gender stereotypes have been synthetized. Third, gender stereotypes have been grouped by means of a content analysis of the existing literature after processing 61 articles systematically retrieved from WOS, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO databases. As a result, a taxonomy of gender stereotypes has been achieved evidencing that descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes have an impact on decision-making procedures through the apparently perception of women as less suitable for managerial positions. Moreover, we offer a deep explanation of the gender discrimination phenomenon under the umbrella of psychosocial theories, and some measures for successfully overcoming management stereotyping, showing that organizational culture can be improved from both the perspective of equal employment opportunities and the organizational justice frameworks for reaching a balanced and healthier workplace.

El trabajo: concepciones de jóvenes que laboran en Call Centers en una ciudad intermedia colombiana / Work: Conceptions of young people working in call centers in a middle-sized Colombian city / Trabalho: Concepções de jovens que trabalham em call centers em uma cidade de tamanho médio colombiana

Las organizaciones actuales han desarrollado nuevos modelos para almacenar, transferir y transformar la información; esta era se caracteriza por su alta demanda de las nuevas tecnologías y de las características del individuo trabajador, lo que ha favorecido el desarrollo de la industria Business Process Outsourcing (BPO1), logrando atraer a nuevos trabajadores y trabajadoras jóvenes. Sin embargo, aunque se han mejorado las condiciones de empleabilidad, pareciera que su dinámica cambia tangencialmente las consideraciones sobre el trabajo. En tal sentido, en el presente artículo intento comprender los imaginarios y subjetividades del concepto de "trabajo", asumido por los sujetos jóvenes trabajadores en este tipo de organizaciones de la ciudad de Manizales. Metodológicamente, el estudio lo llevé a cabo desde una perspectiva hermenéutica mediante la aplicación de entrevistas a profundidad a las personas jóvenes, para conocer su postura y comprender la relación ser humano-trabajo. Presento los resultados desde los imaginarios, representaciones, sentido y concepción de los jóvenes y las jóvenes frente al trabajo y sus percepciones de calidad de vida, lo cual en términos generales refleja su adaptación y aceptación de las condiciones actuales de flexibilidad laboral en el país -particularmente en la región-, y la vulnerabilidad en que se encuentran. Como futuras líneas de investigación y desde algunos vacíos evidenciados, planteo la necesidad de abordar el estudio desde otras perspectivas metodológicas que permitan dar explicaciones acerca de la aceptación acrítica de las gentes jóvenes sobre las características del trabajo actual y su aporte a la construcción de nuevas prácticas laborales, al igual que indagar sobre las nuevas identidades de los individuos jóvenes.

Today's organizations have developed new models to store, transfer and transform information, which is characterized by a high demand for new technologies and related skills in workers, which has favored the development of the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry. These jobs attract new and young workers, and although there are improved employment conditions, it seems that the dynamic of this industry changes how people see the notion of work. In this regard, some youth perceptions are presented against the concept of work, the sense that this population gives to their work and the conditions they perceive. Methodologically, the research was conducted used a hermeneutical perspective by conducting in-depth interviews with young people to identify their perceptions regarding work and to understand the human being-work relationship.

As organizações de hoje tém desenvolvido novos modelos para armazenar, transferir e transformar a informação, esta nova era é caracterizada pela alta demanda por novas tecnologias e características do trabalhador, o que tem favorecido o desenvolvimento de indústrias de Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), conseguindo atrair novos jovens trabalhadores, no entanto, mesmo que as condições de empregabilidade tenham melhorado, parece que sua dinã¢mica altera tangencilmente as considerações deste trabalho .Neste sentido o presente artigo tenta compreender os imaginários e subjetividades do conceito de trabalho algumas percepções dos jovens sobre o trabalho assumido por jovens que trabalham com este tipo de organizações na cidade de Manizales. Metodologicamente, o estudo foi realizado a partir de uma perspectiva hermenéutica através da aplicação de entrevistas em profundidade com os jovens para encontrar a sua posição e compreender relação homem-trabalho. Os resultados apresentam-se desde os imaginários, representações, sentido e concepção dos jovens frente ao trabalho e suas percepções de qualidade de vida, a qual em termos gerais refletem sua adaptação e aceitação laboral no país, região e vulnerabilidade em que se encontram. Como futuras linhas de investigação e alguns espaços vazios evidenciados, se plantea a necessidade de abordar o estudo desde outras perspectivas metodológicas que permitam dar explicações acerca da aceitação crítica dos jovens sobre as características do trabalho atual e seu aporte a construção de novas práticas laborais semelhante as novas identidades dos jovens.

Análisis de la demanda laboral de profesionales en Psicología en Costa Rica durante el periodo 2012-2014 / Analysis of labor demand for Psychology professionals in Costa Rica during the period 2012-2014

Resumen: El tema de las condiciones y la demanda laboral en el campo de la Psicología ha sido objeto de varias in vestigaciones. En Costa Rica, tanto el Consejo Nacional de Rectores como otros grupos de investigación, han indagado acerca del tema. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un análisis documental que tuvo como objetivo explorar las características recientes de la demanda de profesionales en Psicología en Costa Rica (e.g. número de puestos vacantes por año y requisitos solicitados). Para ello, se analizaron 1558 vacantes divulgadas por la Escuela de Psicología de la Universidad de Costa Rica en el periodo 2012-2014. Se encontró una tendencia decreciente en las vacantes anuales y un predominio de los puestos correspon dientes al área de Psicología Laboral (64.6%), a la empresa privada (47.5%) y localizados en la provincia de San José (41.0%). En la mayor parte de las vacantes (63.5%), se exigió entre uno y cinco años de experien cia. Lo más solicitado fue tres años (21.1%). En casi la mitad de los puestos (45.6%), se requirió el idioma inglés. Otros requisitos importantes fueron el dominio de programas informáticos (35.2%), programas de ofimática (27.7%), ser miembro del Colegio Profesional de Psicólogos (16.0%), el uso de hojas de cálculo (10.6%) y el manejo de pruebas psicológicas (7.4%). Finalmente, presentamos algunos de los requisitos solicitados más frecuentemente, segregados según área de la Psicología en la que se ubica la vacante, y desarrollamos algunas consideraciones sobre los resultados de este estudio.

Abstract: The issue of working conditions and labor demand in the field of Psychology has been the subject of several inves tigations. In Costa Rica, the National Council of Rectors and other research groups have inquired into this issue. In this article we present the results of a documentary analysis aimed at exploring the latest features of labor demand for professionals in Psychology in Costa Rica (e.g., number of vacant posts per year and prerequisites). For this pur pose, 1558 vacant posts reported by the Psychology Department at the University of Costa Rica in the period 2012-2014 were analyzed. We found a decreasing trend in job offers, and a predominance of vacant posts in industrial and organizational areas (64.6%), in private companies (47.5%), and located in the province of San José (41.0%). Most vacant posts (63.5%) required between one and five years of experience, with three years being the most com mon prerequisite (21.1%). In about half of the vacant posts (45.6%) English language was a requisite. Some other important requirements were software (35.2%) or office software (27.7%) knowledge, membership in the Costa Rican College of Psychologists (16.0%), spreadsheet management (10.6%) and psychological testing management (7.4%). Finally, we present some of the most frequently requested requirements, segregated by area of Psychology in which the vacant post is located, and we conclude with some considerations on the results of this study.

Oral health disparity in older adults: dental decay and tooth loss.

Progress has been made in reducing dental caries and edentulism in older adults, but disparities continue to exist related to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and sex. Lack of training in treating medically complex patients, economic factors including absence of coverage for oral health services in Medicare and as a required service for adults in Medicaid, and attitudinal issues on the part of patients, caregivers, and providers contribute to barriers to care for older adults. In addition to the impact of oral health on overall health, oral health impacts quality of life and social and employment opportunities.